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␈↓␈↓↓␈↓α␈↓β␈↓∧␈↓¬␈↓↓␈↓ ∧:Research Proposal Submitted By
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␈↓ ¬'Stanford University
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␈↓ ¬*Stanford, California
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␈↓ εEto
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␈↓ βKTHE NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION
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␈↓ ε=for
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␈↓ β+EXPERIMENTAL ELECTRONIC NEWSPAPER
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Proposed starting date:  1 March 1975
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␈↓ αHTwo-Year period ending
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␈↓ αH28 February 1977
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␈↓ αH␈↓ βH␈↓ ∧H␈↓ ¬H␈↓ εHAmount Requested (by calendar year):
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␈↓ αH␈↓ βH␈↓ ∧H␈↓ ¬H␈↓ εH␈↓ πH␈↓ λHCY 75
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␈↓ αH␈↓ βH␈↓ ∧H␈↓ ¬H␈↓ εH␈↓ πH␈↓ λHCY 76  $120,081
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␈↓_________________________________________
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John McCarthy - Co-Principal Investigator
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Professor of Computer Science
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___________________________________________
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Edwin B. Parker - Co-Principal Investigator
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Professor of Communication
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____________________________________
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Dan Drew - Co-Principal Investigator
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Professor of Communication
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____________________________________
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For the University
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␈↓ ¬T␈↓↓December 1974
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␈↓∧
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␈↓ ε$Abstract
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␈↓ ↓H

␈↓ ↓H

␈↓ ↓H
␈↓β␈↓ α_Economic,␈αenvironmental,␈αand␈α
technological␈α
forces␈α
are␈α
pushing␈α
toward␈α
the␈α
day␈α
when␈α
computer
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hterminals␈αin␈α
the␈α
home␈α
will␈α
provide␈α
easy␈α
access␈α
to␈α
many␈α
information␈α
sources.␈α
A␈α
major␈α
impetus␈α
toward
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hwidespread␈α∀use␈α∀of␈α∀the␈α∪home␈α∪information␈α∪utility␈α∪is␈α∪likely␈α∪to␈α∪be␈α∪the␈α∪development␈α∪of␈α∪electronic
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hnewspapers.␈α∃Before␈α∃the␈α∃electronic␈α∃newspaper␈α∃and␈α∃multi-use␈α∀home␈α∀terminals␈α∀become␈α∀a␈α∀reality,
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hhowever,␈α∪research␈α∪will␈α∪be␈α∪needed␈α∪in␈α∪the␈α∪areas␈α∪of␈α∪man-machine␈α∩interaction,␈α∩file␈α∩handling␈α∩and
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hretrieval␈α
techniques,␈α
computer-to-computer␈α
interfaces,␈α
and␈α
readership␈α
patterns.
␈↓ ↓H

␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ α_To␈αperform␈αthis␈αresearch,␈αsupport␈αis␈αrequested␈αover␈αa␈αtwo-year␈αperiod␈α
so␈α
that␈α
an␈α
experimental
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Helectronic␈αnewspaper␈αcan␈αbe␈αestablished,␈αmade␈αoperational,␈αand␈αevaluated.␈αThe␈αnewspaper␈αwould␈αbe
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hoffered␈α∩as␈α∩a␈α∩campus␈α∩service␈α∩at␈α∩Stanford␈α∩University,␈α∩with␈α∩segments␈α∩of␈α∩the␈α∩student␈α∩and␈α∩faculty
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hpopulations␈α
as␈α
its␈α
readership.
␈↓ ↓H

␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ α_We␈α∂see␈α∂the␈α∂eventual␈α∂conversion␈α∂of␈α∂newspapers␈α∂to␈α∂electronic␈α∂form␈α∞as␈α∞a␈α∞potential␈α∞solution␈α∞to
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hproblems␈αof␈αinformation␈αmonopoly.␈α
␈↓¬First␈↓,␈α
the␈α
cost␈α
of␈α
entry␈α
to␈α
the␈α
newspaper␈α
business␈α
will␈α
be␈α
reduced
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hsince␈α∞the␈α
newspaper␈α
will␈α
not␈α
require␈α
a␈α
production␈α
or␈α
distribution␈α
organization␈α
and␈α
will␈α
be␈α
able␈α
to
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hlive␈αin␈αpublicly␈αavailable␈α
time-sharing␈α
systems.␈α
␈↓¬Second␈↓,␈α
if␈α
there␈α
is␈α
no␈α
production␈α
imposed␈α
limit␈α
to␈α
the
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hsize␈α∞of␈α∞the␈α∞newspaper,␈α∞it␈α∞will␈α∞be␈α∞easier␈α∞for␈α∞a␈α
newspaper␈α
to␈α
cater␈α
to␈α
the␈α
interests␈α
of␈α
special␈α
groups.
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈↓¬Third␈↓,␈αsince␈αall␈α"letters␈αto␈αthe␈αeditor"␈αare␈αautomatically␈αand␈αinstantly␈αaccepted,␈αindividuals␈αor␈αgroups
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hconsidering␈αthemselves␈αunfairly␈αtreated␈αin␈αstories␈αwill␈αbe␈αable␈αto␈αmake␈αtheir␈αreplies␈αavailable␈αwithin
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hminutes␈α⊂of␈α⊂noticing␈α⊂the␈α⊂alleged␈α∂unfairness.␈α∂Since␈α∂this␈α∂will␈α∂be␈α∂before␈α∂most␈α∂readers␈α∂have␈α∂read␈α∂the
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hindividual␈α
story,␈α
and␈α
since␈α
a␈α
reader␈α
will␈α
be␈α
able␈α
to␈α
ask␈α
"and␈α
what␈α
does␈α
the␈α
Governor␈α
have␈α
to␈α
say
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Habout␈αthat"␈αimmediately␈αafter␈αreading␈αthe␈αstory,␈αthe␈αdanger␈αof␈αhit-and-run␈αjournalism␈αwill␈αbe␈αalmost
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hentirely␈αeliminated.␈αWe␈αwill␈αexperiment␈αwith␈αthis␈αfacility␈αlocally␈αat␈αStanford,␈αbut␈αthe␈αexperiment␈αwill
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hbecome␈α∞realistic␈α∞only␈α∞when␈α∞there␈α∞are␈α∞enough␈α∞terminals␈α∞so␈α∞that␈α∞the␈α∞subjects␈α
of␈α
news␈α
stories␈α
find␈α
it
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hworthwhile␈α
to␈α
keep␈α
track␈α
of␈α
what␈α
is␈α
said␈α
about␈α
them␈α
and␈α
reply.
␈↓ ↓H

␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ α_In␈αthe␈αabove␈αrespects,␈α␈↓∧The␈αStanford␈αElectronic␈αTimes␈↓␈αdiffers␈αdecisively␈αfrom␈α
other␈α
experiments
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hwith␈α∞new␈α∞ways␈α∞of␈α∞providing␈α∞information␈α
to␈α
the␈α
home.␈α
In␈α
these␈α
systems,␈α
the␈α
user␈α
is␈α
passive␈α
in␈α
two
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hrespects.␈αFirst,␈αhis␈αcapacity␈αto␈αselect␈αinformation␈αis␈αlimited,␈αand␈αsecond,␈αhe␈αdoesn't␈αhave␈αan␈αeffective
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hlow-overhead␈α
right␈α
to␈α
reply␈α
or␈α
originate␈α
information.
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ¬∩BEHIND THIS PROPOSAL
␈↓ ↓H

␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ α_Experts␈α∃in␈α∃the␈α∃computer␈α∃science␈α∃and␈α∃communication␈α∃fields␈α∃envision␈α∃a␈α∀day␈α∀when␈α∀most
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓HAmerican␈αhomes␈α
will␈α
have␈α
computer␈α
terminals␈α
providing␈α
speedy␈α
access␈α
to␈α
a␈α
multitude␈α
of␈α
information
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hsources.␈αUsing␈αa␈αhome␈αinformation␈αterminal,␈αa␈αperson␈αcould␈αcall␈α
up␈α
books␈α
or␈α
reference␈α
files␈α
from␈α
the
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hlibrary,␈α∂receive␈α∂information␈α∂about␈α∂goods␈α∂and␈α∂services␈α∞available␈α∞in␈α∞the␈α∞community,␈α∞or␈α∞read␈α∞stories
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hproduced␈α
by␈α
the␈α
local␈α
newspaper.
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ α_Benefits␈α∃of␈α∃such␈α∃a␈α∃system␈α∃would␈α∃be␈α∃tremendous.␈α∀Individuals␈α∀would␈α∀be␈α∀able␈α∀to␈α∀obtain
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hinformation␈αmore␈αquickly␈αand␈αeasily␈αthan␈αever␈αbefore.␈αThey␈αwould␈αalso␈αhave␈αmore␈αcontrol␈αover␈αthe
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hinformation␈α⊃they␈α⊃received.␈α⊃The␈α⊃system␈α⊃would␈α⊃be␈α⊃receiver-oriented,␈α⊃not␈α⊃sender-oriented␈α⊃as␈α⊂is␈α⊂the
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hpresent␈αsystem.␈αA␈αreader,␈αfor␈αexample,␈αcould␈αbypass␈αnews␈αsummaries␈αprepared␈αby␈αnewspaper␈αeditors
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hand␈α∪search␈α∪their␈α∪files␈α∪for␈α∪information␈α∪about␈α∪subjects␈α∪of␈α∪particular␈α∪interest.␈α∪Newspapers␈α∪could
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hprovide␈α∂greater␈α∞quantities␈α∞of␈α∞more␈α∞varied␈α∞information␈α∞because␈α∞they␈α∞would␈α∞not␈α∞be␈α∞trapped␈α∞by␈α∞the
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hstrict␈α⊃space␈α⊃limitations␈α⊃presently␈α⊃imposed␈α⊂by␈α⊂economic␈α⊂constraints.␈α⊂Also,␈α⊂publishing␈α⊂opportunities
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hwould␈α⊃expand␈α⊃because␈α⊃a␈α⊂large␈α⊂organization␈α⊂would␈α⊂not␈α⊂be␈α⊂necessary␈α⊂to␈α⊂produce␈α⊂a␈α⊂newspaper␈α⊂or
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hmagazine.␈α∂The␈α∂environment␈α∞also␈α∞would␈α∞benefit:␈α∞Fuel␈α∞presently␈α∞used␈α∞to␈α∞deliver␈α∞newspapers,␈α∞books,
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hand␈α
magazines␈α
would␈α
be␈α
conserved␈α
and␈α
trees␈α
now␈α
destined␈α
to␈α
become␈α
newsprint␈α
would␈α
be␈α
saved.
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ α_A␈α∂major␈α∂impetus␈α∂toward␈α∂widespread␈α∂use␈α∂of␈α∂home␈α∂information␈α∂terminals␈α∂is␈α∂likely␈α∞to␈α∞be␈α∞the
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hdevelopment␈αof␈αelectronic␈αnewspapers.␈αPublishers␈αare␈αturning␈αto␈αcomputer␈αtechnology␈αin␈αan␈αeffort␈αto
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hincrease␈αthe␈αspeed␈αand␈αefficiency␈αof␈αtheir␈αproduction␈αdepartments.␈αIn␈αsome␈αoperations,␈αreporters␈αand
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Heditors␈α∞ply␈α∞their␈α∞craft␈α∞on␈α∞computer-operated␈α∞video␈α∞display␈α∞terminals.␈α
Optical␈α
character␈α
recognition
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hscanners␈αconvert␈αcopy␈αto␈αmachine␈αlanguage␈αfor␈αprocessing␈αin␈αa␈αphototypesetter.␈αNewspapers␈αare␈αalso
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Husing␈αthe␈αcomputer␈αfor␈αinformation␈αstorage␈αon␈αa␈α
limited␈α
scale.␈α
The␈α
␈↓∧New␈α
York␈α
Times␈α
␈↓␈α
has␈α
established
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Han␈α
information␈α
bank␈α
which␈α
is␈α
available␈α
to␈α
subscribers␈α
and␈α
which␈α
shows␈α
promise␈α
for␈α
future␈α
growth.
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ α_A␈α
number␈α
of␈α
forces␈α
are␈α
being␈α
felt␈α
by␈α
the␈α
newspaper␈α
industry,␈α
however,␈α
that␈α
might␈αpush␈αthe
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Huse␈α∞of␈α∞computer␈α∞technology␈α∞one␈α∞step␈α∞further␈α∞--␈α∞into␈α∞the␈α∞newspaper␈α∞reader's␈α∞living␈α
room.␈α
Foremost
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hamong␈α
these␈α
is␈α
a␈α
newsprint␈α
shortage␈α
that␈α
is␈α
expected␈αto␈αworsen.␈αThis␈αshortage␈α--␈αand␈αthe␈αprobable
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hcost␈αincreases␈αassociated␈αwith␈αit␈α--␈αcould␈αmake␈αthe␈αvideo␈αterminal␈α
located␈α
in␈α
the␈α
subscriber's␈α
home␈α
an
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hattractive␈α
alternative␈α
to␈α
newsprint.
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ α_Despite␈αgains␈αin␈αproduction␈αefficiency␈αthrough␈αthe␈αuse␈αof␈αcomputer␈αtechnology,␈αthe␈αnewspaper
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hdistribution␈α⊃system,␈α⊃for␈α⊃the␈α⊃most␈α⊃part,␈α⊃remains␈α⊃as␈α⊃it␈α⊃has␈α⊂for␈α⊂years.␈α⊂Men␈α⊂load␈α⊂bundles␈α⊂of␈α⊂bulky
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hnewspapers␈α∂on␈α∂trucks␈α∂that␈α∂take␈α∂the␈α∂papers␈α∂to␈α∂newspaper␈α∂carriers,␈α∞who␈α∞in␈α∞turn,␈α∞deliver␈α∞it␈α∞to␈α∞your
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hfront␈αdoor.␈αAn␈αelectronic␈αdistribution␈αsystem␈αwould␈αreduce␈αthe␈αtime␈αbetween␈αthe␈αlockup␈αof␈αthe␈α
paper
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hand␈αits␈αarrival␈αat␈αthe␈αhome.␈αIn␈αfact,␈α
lockup␈α
of␈α
the␈α
newspaper,␈α
in␈α
the␈α
current␈α
sense␈α
of␈α
the␈α
term␈α
will␈α
be
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hunnecessary.␈α⊂Cable␈α⊂television,␈α⊂which␈α⊂is␈α⊂expected␈α⊂to␈α⊂cover␈α∂most␈α∂American␈α∂homes␈α∂in␈α∂the␈α∂next␈α∂two
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hdecades,␈α⊃may␈α⊃be␈α⊃the␈α⊃eventual␈α⊃mode␈α⊂of␈α⊂transmission␈α⊂for␈α⊂the␈α⊂electronic␈α⊂newspaper,␈α⊂but␈α⊂telephone
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Htransmission␈α
is␈α
also␈α
quite␈α
feasible.
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ α_Before␈αthe␈αelectronic␈αnewspaper␈αand␈αthe␈αmulti-use␈αhome␈αinformation␈αterminal␈αbecome␈αreality,
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hhowever,␈α∂a␈α∂number␈α∂of␈α∂problems␈α∂will␈α∂need␈α∂thorough␈α∂research.␈α∂This␈α∂proposal␈α∂seeks␈α∂to␈α∂develop␈α∞an
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hexperimental␈α⊂electronic␈α⊂newspaper␈α⊂on␈α∂the␈α∂Stanford␈α∂University␈α∂campus␈α∂which␈α∂would␈α∂serve␈α∂as␈α∂the
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hbasis␈α
for␈α
research␈α
in␈α
the␈α
following␈α
areas:
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ α_1.␈α␈↓∧Man-machine␈αinteraction.␈α␈↓An␈αelectronic␈αnewspaper␈αmust␈αbe␈αdesigned␈αso␈αthe␈αcasual␈αuser,␈α
who
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hknows␈α
little␈α
or␈α
nothing␈α
about␈α
a␈αcomputer,␈αcan␈αuse␈αit␈αeasily␈αwithout␈αreading␈αanything␈αlonger␈αthan␈αa
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hplacard␈α∞on␈α∞the␈α∞terminal.␈α∞The␈α∞"reader"␈α∞also␈α∞should␈α∞be␈α∞able␈α∞to␈α∞use␈α∞the␈α∞system␈α∞after␈α∞a␈α∞long␈α∞absence
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hwithout␈α∩having␈α∩to␈α∩relearn␈α∩procedures.␈α∩This␈α∩requires␈α∩the␈α∩development␈α⊃of␈α⊃a␈α⊃uniform␈α⊃and␈α⊃easily
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hremembered␈α
style␈α
of␈α
interaction.
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ α_These␈αsame␈αproblems␈α
apply␈α
to␈α
the␈α
communicator's␈α
use␈α
of␈α
the␈α
new␈α
technology.␈α
The␈α
system␈α
must
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hbe␈α∂designed␈α∂so␈α∂reporters␈α∞and␈α∞editors␈α∞can␈α∞insert␈α∞and␈α∞update␈α∞information␈α∞in␈α∞a␈α∞way␈α∞that␈α∞would␈α∞not
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hhamper␈α
their␈α
journalistic␈α
functions.
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ α_2.␈α∂␈↓∧File␈α∂handling␈α∞and␈α∞retrieval␈α∞techniques.␈α∞␈↓The␈α∞Associated␈α∞Press␈α∞A-wire␈α∞alone␈α∞produces␈α∞some
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H75,000␈α
characters␈α
per␈α
day.␈α
Because␈αa␈αnewspaper␈αcollection␈αwould␈αbe␈αkept␈αover␈αlong␈αperiods␈αof␈αtime
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hfrom␈α∞several␈α∞wire␈α∞services␈α∞and␈α∞its␈α
own␈α
local␈α
sources,␈α
news␈α
data␈α
indexing␈α
and␈α
handling␈α
techniques
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hmust␈α
be␈α
developed␈α
to␈α
handle␈α
the␈α
tremendous␈α
volume␈α
of␈α
information.
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ α_3.␈α␈↓∧Computer␈αinterface.␈α␈↓Because␈αof␈αthe␈αlarge␈αamounts␈αof␈αinformation␈αfrom␈αvarious␈αsources␈αthat
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hwould␈αhave␈αto␈αbe␈αstored␈αon␈αcomputer,␈αit␈αis␈αnecessary␈αto␈α
develop␈α
ways␈α
of␈α
making␈α
disparate␈α
computers
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hinterface␈αsmoothly␈αand␈αdivide␈αa␈αwork␈αload.␈αThe␈αlong␈αrange␈αgoal␈αof␈αmaking␈α
all␈α
of␈α
the␈α
information␈α
in
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hthe␈α
country␈αaccessible␈αfrom␈αany␈αone␈αlocation␈αis␈αnot␈αbeing␈αsolved␈αby␈αcreating␈αa␈αnational␈αinformation
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hsystem.␈α
Instead,␈α
many␈α
information␈α
systems␈α
with␈α
limited␈α
goals␈α
are␈α
being␈αdeveloped␈αand␈αwill␈αneed␈αto
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hbe␈α
interlinked.
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ α_4.␈α⊂␈↓∧Reader␈α⊂Feedback.␈α⊂␈↓With␈α⊂an␈α⊂electronic␈α⊂newspaper,␈α⊂it␈α∂would␈α∂be␈α∂possible␈α∂to␈α∂monitor␈α∂reader
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hchoices␈α
electronically␈α
and␈α
provide␈α
editors␈α
with␈α
this␈α
information.␈α
Readers␈α
also␈α
would␈α
be␈αable␈αto␈αuse
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Htheir␈αterminals␈αto␈αrespond␈αto␈αthe␈αnewspaper␈αvia␈αa␈α"letter␈αto␈αthe␈αeditors"␈αsystem.␈αA␈αserious␈αconcern␈αof
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hcommunication␈α
researchers␈α
is␈α
the␈α
effect␈α
of␈α
this␈α
feedback␈α
on␈α
the␈α
attitudes␈α
and␈α
behavior␈α
of␈α
journalists.
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ α_5.␈α∂␈↓∧Readership␈α∂Patterns.␈α∂␈↓Newspaper␈α∂readers␈α∂would␈α∂gain␈α∂more␈α∂control␈α∂over␈α∞information␈α∞they
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hreceived␈α
with␈α
the␈α
electronic␈α
distribution␈α
system.␈α
As␈αmentioned␈αabove,␈αthey␈αwould␈αbe␈αable␈αto␈αbypass
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Heditorial␈α
decisions␈α
and␈α
search␈α
for␈α
information␈α
of␈αparticular␈αinterest.␈αHow␈αthis␈αcapability␈αaffects␈αthe
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hreader's␈α
behavior␈α
and␈α
attitudes␈α
is␈α
still␈α
another␈α
matter␈α
of␈α
interest.
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ α_6.␈α∪␈↓∧Reader-interest␈α∪Profiles.␈α∪␈↓A␈α∪selective␈α∪dissemination-of-information␈α∩type␈α∩system␈α∩would␈α∩be
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hdeveloped␈α⊃through␈α⊃which␈α⊃readers␈α⊃could␈α⊂describe␈α⊂their␈α⊂personal␈α⊂interests␈α⊂and␈α⊂request␈α⊂the␈α⊂system
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hautomatically␈α⊃to␈α⊃find␈α⊃stories␈α⊃conforming␈α⊃to␈α⊃these␈α⊃interests.␈α⊃The␈α⊃goal␈α⊃would␈α⊂be␈α⊂to␈α⊂maximize␈α⊂the
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hefficiency␈α
and␈α
the␈α
flexibility␈α
of␈α
the␈α
system␈α
for␈α
the␈α
reader.
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ α_The␈αStanford␈αUniversity␈αCampus␈αprovides␈α
an␈α
ideal␈α
setting␈α
for␈α
conducting␈α
such␈α
a␈α
project.␈α
The
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓HArtificial␈αIntelligence␈αLaboratory␈αand␈αCommunication␈αDepartment␈αhave␈αthe␈αcomputer␈αexpertise␈αand
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hresearch␈α
skills␈α
necessary␈α
for␈α
daily␈α
operation␈α
of␈α
the␈α
newspaper.
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ α_Most␈αof␈αthe␈αnecessary␈αhardware␈αand␈αsoftware␈αto␈αsupport␈αthe␈αelectronic␈αnewspaper␈αare␈αalready
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Havailable.␈αThe␈αStanford␈αArtificial␈αIntelligence␈αLaboratory␈αhas␈αa␈αtime-sharing␈αsystem␈αwith␈αa␈αPDP-10
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hcomputer,␈α∂while␈α∂the␈α∂Stanford␈α∂Center␈α∂for␈α∞Information␈α∞Processing␈α∞operates␈α∞an␈α∞IBM360/67;␈α∞the␈α∞/67,
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hwhich␈αserves␈αthe␈α
main␈α
campus,␈α
supports␈α
an␈α
estimated␈α
150␈α
electric␈α
typewriter␈α
and␈α
CRT␈α
terminals␈α
at␈α
a
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hvariety␈α
of␈α
locations.␈α
A␈αmaximum␈αof␈α126␈αof␈αthese␈αcan␈αbe␈αon-line␈αat␈αany␈αgiven␈αtime.␈αIn␈αaddition,␈αthe
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓HArtificial␈αIntelligence␈αLaboratory,␈αwith␈α70␈αterminals␈αand␈αlocated␈αapproximately␈αthree␈αmiles␈αfrom␈αthe
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hmain␈α⊂campus,␈α⊂currently␈α⊂operates␈α⊂a␈α⊂system␈α⊂which␈α⊂provides␈α⊂for␈α⊂automatic␈α⊂input␈α⊂of␈α∂the␈α∂Associated
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓HPress␈α∂A-wire␈α∂and␈α∂the␈α∂␈↓∧New␈α∂York␈α∞Times␈↓␈α∞News␈α∞Service␈α∞into␈α∞the␈α∞PDP-10.␈α∞Users␈α∞can␈α∞have␈α∞displayed
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hstories␈αabout␈αany␈αtopic␈αin␈αwhich␈αthey␈αare␈αinterested.␈αPersons␈αusing␈αone␈αof␈αthe␈αterminals␈αmay␈αrequest
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hthat␈αthe␈αcomputer␈αinterrupt␈αtheir␈αwork␈αwhen␈αbulletins␈αor␈αnew␈αinformation␈αabout␈αa␈αtopic␈αcome␈αover
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hthe␈α
wire.
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ α_The␈αproduction␈αand␈αdistribution␈αof␈αlocal␈αnews␈αand␈αinformation␈αwould␈αbe␈αhandled␈αwithin␈αthe
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hcontext␈α
of␈α
SPIRES␈α
II,␈α
an␈α
information␈α
retrieval␈α
system.␈α
SPIRES␈α
was␈α
developed␈αby␈αthe␈αInstitute␈αfor
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓HCommunication␈α∩ReIsearch␈α∩under␈α∩a␈α⊃grant␈α⊃from␈α⊃the␈α⊃National␈α⊃Science␈α⊃Foundation.␈α⊃The␈α⊃Stanford
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓HCenter␈α∂for␈α∂Information␈α∂Processing␈α∂(SCIP)␈α∂now␈α∂operates␈α∂SPIRES␈α∂II␈α∂which␈α∂became␈α∞operational␈α∞in
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H1972.␈α
With␈α
SPIRES␈α
II,␈α
a␈αuser␈αcan␈αcreate,␈αupdate,␈αmaintain,␈αsearch,␈αand␈αdisplay␈αstored␈αinformation.
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓HThe␈αuser␈αmay␈αwork␈αwith␈αeither␈αa␈αprivate␈αdata␈αbase␈αof␈αjust␈αa␈αfew␈αrecords␈αor␈αwith␈αa␈αpublic␈αdata␈α
base
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hthat␈α
includes␈α
information␈α
ranging␈α
from␈α
a␈α
restaurant␈α
guide␈α
to␈α
a␈αLibrary␈αof␈αCongress␈α"card"␈αcatalog
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hfile␈α
(which␈α
contains␈α
over␈α
170,000␈α
records).
␈↓ ↓H

␈↓ ↓H

␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ¬LPLAN OF ACTION
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ α_
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ α_An␈α∀experimental␈α∀electronic␈α∀newspaper␈α∀would␈α∀be␈α∀established␈α∀on␈α∀the␈α∀Stanford␈α∪University
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓HCampus.␈αIts␈αoperation␈αwould␈αbe␈αthe␈αbasis␈αto␈αprovide␈αthe␈αreader␈αwith␈αnews␈αabout␈αimportant␈α
national
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hand␈α∪international␈α∪events␈α∪and␈α∪information␈α∪about␈α∪developments␈α∩in␈α∩the␈α∩Stanford␈α∩Area.␈α∩It␈α∩would
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hcontain␈α⊂some␈α⊂local␈α⊂news␈α⊂stories␈α⊂and␈α⊂other␈α⊂up-dated␈α⊂information␈α⊂about␈α⊂scheduled␈α∂events,␈α∂movies,
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hrestaurants,␈α
concerts,␈α
etc.
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ α_The␈αbase␈αfor␈αthe␈αpaper␈α
would␈α
be␈α
the␈α
Associated␈α
Press␈α
and␈α
the␈α
␈↓∧New␈α
York␈α
Times␈α
␈↓␈α
News␈α
Service
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hwhich␈α⊃would␈α⊃be␈α⊃stored␈α⊃on␈α⊃a␈α⊃PDP-10␈α⊃computer␈α⊂at␈α⊂the␈α⊂Artificial␈α⊂Intelligence␈α⊂Laboratory.␈α⊂Efforts
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hwould␈αbe␈αmade␈αto␈αexpand␈αthe␈αfile␈αby␈αadding␈αother␈αwire␈αservices.␈αSome␈αof␈αthe␈αinformation␈αincluding
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hlocal␈αnews,␈αwould␈αbe␈αstored␈αon␈αthe␈αIBM␈α360/67.␈αReaders␈α
would␈α
be␈α
able␈α
to␈α
call␈α
up␈α
information␈α
stored
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hon␈αeither␈αcomputer␈αat␈αany␈αof␈α
the␈α
terminals␈α
located␈α
on␈α
the␈α
campus.␈α
They␈α
could␈α
either␈α
request␈α
a␈α
"front
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hpage"␈α∃containing␈α∃a␈α∃summary␈α∃of␈α∃the␈α∀day's␈α∀major␈α∀events␈α∀or␈α∀an␈α∀index␈α∀in␈α∀headline␈α∀form␈α∀that
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hsummarized␈αimportant␈αinformation␈αnot␈αincluded␈αon␈αthe␈αfront␈αpage.␈αEstablishment␈αand␈αoperation␈αof
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hthe␈α∞interface␈α∞between␈α
the␈α
two␈α
computers␈α
would␈α
produce␈α
the␈α
research␈α
about␈α
machine␈α
interface␈α
that
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hmust␈α
be␈α
solved␈α
if␈α
persons␈α
are␈α
to␈α
be␈α
able␈α
to␈α
retrieve␈α
information␈α
from␈α
disparate␈α
systems.
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ α_A␈α∀graduate␈α∀student␈α∀with␈α∀professional␈α∀journalism␈α∀training␈α∀would␈α∀serve␈α∀as␈α∀editor␈α∪of␈α∪the
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hnewspaper.␈αEach␈αday,␈αthe␈αeditor␈αwould␈αprepare␈αa␈αfront␈αpage␈αthat␈αincluded␈αwhat␈αhe␈αperceived␈αto␈αbe
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hthe␈αmajor␈αlocal,␈αnational␈αand␈αinternational␈αevents.␈αHe␈αalso␈αwould␈αwrite␈αa␈αnews␈αsummary␈αin␈αheadline
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hform␈α∂of␈α∂events␈α∂not␈α∂included␈α∂on␈α∂the␈α∂front␈α∂page.␈α∂Depending␈α∂on␈α∂the␈α∞amount␈α∞of␈α∞time␈α∞available,␈α∞the
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Heditor␈α
might␈α
also␈α
prepare␈α
a␈α
sports␈α
page,␈α
a␈α
financial␈α
page,␈α
etc.
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ α_A␈α
clerk␈α
or␈αa␈αreporter␈αwould␈αhelp␈αthe␈αeditor.␈αThe␈αclerk␈αwould␈αupdate␈αinformation␈αabout␈αlocal
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hevents,␈α∩such␈α∩as␈α∩movie␈α∩and␈α∩concert␈α∩schedules,␈α∩and␈α∩would␈α∩occasionally␈α∩write␈α∩cover␈α∩stories␈α⊃about
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Himportant␈α
local␈α
news␈α
events.
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ α_Two␈αfull-time␈αcomputer␈α
programmers␈α
and␈α
one␈α
working␈α
part-time␈α
computer␈α
programmer␈α
would
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hdeal␈α⊃with␈α⊃the␈α⊃computer␈α⊃problems.␈α⊃They␈α⊃would␈α⊃develop␈α⊃data␈α⊃indexing␈α⊂and␈α⊂handling␈α⊂techniques
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hnecessary␈α∞to␈α∞handle␈α∞the␈α∞voluminous␈α∞amounts␈α∞of␈α∞information␈α
that␈α
would␈α
have␈α
to␈α
be␈α
stored␈α
for␈α
the
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hnewspaper,␈α
and␈α
would␈α
continue␈αto␈αrefine␈αthese␈αtechniques␈αso␈αthat␈αoperation␈αof␈αthe␈αsystem,␈αfor␈αboth
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hcommunicators␈α⊃and␈α⊃receivers,␈α⊃was␈α⊃as␈α⊃simple␈α⊃as␈α⊃possible.␈α⊂Additionally,␈α⊂they␈α⊂would␈α⊂deal␈α⊂with␈α⊂the
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hinterface␈α
between␈α
the␈α
two␈α
computers␈α
used␈α
in␈α
the␈α
project.
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ α_A␈α⊃graduate␈α⊃student␈α⊃would␈α⊂serve␈α⊂as␈α⊂research␈α⊂assistant␈α⊂to␈α⊂help␈α⊂the␈α⊂investigators␈α⊂collect␈α⊂and
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hevaluate␈α
data␈α
obtained␈α
during␈α
the␈α
project.
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ α_Graduate␈α↔and␈α↔undergraduate␈α↔students␈α↔enrolled␈α↔in␈α↔Communication␈α↔175,␈α↔Public␈α↔Affairs
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓HReporting,␈α
which␈α
is␈α
taught␈α
each␈α
spring␈α
quarter␈α
by␈α
Professor␈α
Dan␈α
Drew,␈α
would␈αparticipate␈αactively
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hproducing␈α∂the␈α∂electronic␈α∂newspaper.␈α∂Some␈α∂of␈α∂the␈α∂stories␈α∂they␈α∂covered␈α∂during␈α∂their␈α∞class␈α∞exercises
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hwould␈α
be␈α
placed␈α
in␈α
computer␈α
storage␈α
to␈α
provide␈α
readers␈α
with␈α
news␈α
about␈α
important␈α
local␈α
events.
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ α_Because␈α∩of␈α∩the␈α∩availability␈α∩of␈α∩terminals␈α∩on␈α∩the␈α⊃campus,␈α⊃the␈α⊃electronic␈α⊃newspaper␈α⊃can␈α⊃be
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hdeveloped␈α⊂and␈α⊂reader␈α⊂acceptance␈α⊂tested␈α⊂in␈α⊂a␈α⊂preliminary␈α⊂way␈α⊂without␈α∂buying␈α∂more␈α∂terminals.␈α∂A
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hlarger␈α∩scale␈α∩test␈α∩will␈α∩require␈α∩more␈α⊃terminals,␈α⊃but␈α⊃perhaps␈α⊃this␈α⊃can␈α⊃be␈α⊃done␈α⊃with␈α⊃multi-purpose
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hterminals␈α∞used␈α∞for␈α∞other␈α
computing␈α
and␈α
communication␈α
purposes.␈α
It␈α
will,␈α
however,␈α
be␈α
necessary␈α
to
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hpurchase␈αa␈αmultiplexer␈αin␈αorder␈αto␈αincrease␈αthe␈αcapabilities␈αof␈αthe␈αPDP-10,␈αand␈α
develop␈α
an␈α
interface
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hbetween␈α
the␈α
PDP-10␈α
and␈α
the␈α
IBM␈α
360/67.
␈↓ ↓H

␈↓ ↓H

␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ¬IRESEARCH AREAS
␈↓ ↓H

␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ α_1.␈α∪␈↓∧Man-machine␈α∪Interface.␈α∪␈↓Data␈α∪would␈α∪be␈α∪collected␈α∪about␈α∪problems␈α∪experienced␈α∪by␈α∩both
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hsenders␈αand␈αreceivers␈αwho␈αused␈αthe␈αsoftware,␈αand␈αtheir␈α
attitudes␈α
toward␈α
the␈α
system.␈α
Methods␈α
used␈α
in
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hthe␈α
research␈α
would␈α
include␈α
questionnaires,␈α
face␈α
to␈α
face␈α
interviews␈α
and␈α
direct␈α
observation.
␈↓ ↓H

␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ α_Receivers␈α∪would␈α∪be␈α∪asked,␈α∪for␈α∪example,␈α∪to␈α∪respond␈α∩to␈α∩on-line␈α∩questionnares␈α∩about␈α∩their
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hsatisfaction␈αwith␈αthe␈αservice,␈αease␈αof␈αoperation,␈αchanges␈αthey␈αwould␈αlike␈αto␈αsee␈αin␈αeither␈αthe␈αsoftware
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hor␈αcontent,␈αand␈αproblems␈αexperienced␈αin␈αoperating␈αthe␈αsystem.␈αPersonal␈αinterviews␈αwith␈αa␈αsample␈αof
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Husers␈αwould␈αevoke␈αmore␈αdetailed␈αdata␈αabout␈αattitudes␈αtoward␈αthe␈αsystem.␈αDirect␈αobservation␈αof␈αusers
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hwould␈αact␈αas␈αvalidation␈αof␈αthe␈αdata␈αcollected␈αthrough␈αinterviews␈αand␈αquestionnaires.␈αThe␈αsame␈αdata
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hcollection␈α∞methods␈α∞would␈α∞be␈α
used␈α
to␈α
study␈α
sender␈α
problems␈α
using␈α
students␈α
in␈α
Communication␈α
175,
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓HPublic␈αAffairs␈αReporting.␈αIn␈αaddition,␈αdirect␈αobservation␈αcould␈αprovide␈αdata␈αabout␈αthe␈αefficiency␈αof
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hthe␈α
system.
␈↓ ↓H

␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ α_2.␈α_␈↓∧File␈α_Handling␈α_and␈α_Retrieval␈α_Techniques.␈α_␈↓In␈α_the␈α_course␈α_of␈α↔the␈α↔last␈α↔decade␈α↔many
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hcomputer-based␈αdata␈αbases␈αhave␈αbeen␈αcreated␈αby␈αorganizations␈αall␈αover␈αthe␈αcountry,␈αand␈αmany␈αmore
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hwill␈α⊃be␈α⊃created␈α⊃in␈α⊃the␈α⊃next␈α⊃ten␈α⊃years.␈α⊂Each␈α⊂of␈α⊂them␈α⊂has␈α⊂been␈α⊂designed␈α⊂by␈α⊂itself␈α⊂and␈α⊂has␈α⊂been
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hdesigned␈α⊃to␈α⊃interact␈α⊃with␈α⊃a␈α⊃specific␈α⊃kind␈α⊃of␈α⊃terminal␈α⊃with␈α⊃a␈α⊃specific␈α⊃style␈α⊃of␈α⊃dialog.␈α⊃A␈α⊂user␈α⊂of
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hinformation␈αmay␈αwant␈αto␈αrefer␈αto␈αmany␈αdifferent␈αdata␈αbases,␈αand␈α
this␈α
will␈α
not␈α
be␈α
feasible␈α
if␈α
he␈α
needs
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Ha␈αdifferent␈αterminal␈αand␈αa␈αdifferent␈αstyle␈αof␈αdialog␈αfor␈αeach␈αone.␈αIt␈αwould␈αbe␈αconvenient␈α
for␈α
the␈α
user
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hif␈α⊃a␈α⊃single␈α⊃standard␈α⊃style␈α⊃of␈α⊃information␈α⊃storage␈α⊃and␈α⊃interaction␈α⊃would␈α⊂be␈α⊂developed␈α⊂and␈α⊂used
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hnationally,␈αbut␈αthis␈αis␈αquite␈αunlikely␈αto␈αhappen␈α-␈αfor␈αbad␈αreasons␈αlike␈αunwillingness␈αto␈αlook␈αat␈αother
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hpeople's␈α⊃work,␈α⊂and␈α⊂for␈α⊂good␈α⊂reasons␈α⊂like␈α⊂the␈α⊂availability␈α⊂of␈α⊂different␈α⊂hardware␈α⊂and␈α⊂software␈α⊂to
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hdifferent␈α∩people␈α∩at␈α⊃different␈α⊃times.␈α⊃We␈α⊃wish␈α⊃to␈α⊃explore␈α⊃the␈α⊃following␈α⊃potential␈α⊃way␈α⊃out␈α⊃of␈α⊃the
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hdifficulty:
␈↓ ↓H

␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ α_Instead␈α⊂of␈α⊂trying␈α⊂(probably␈α⊂vainly)␈α⊂to␈α⊂get␈α⊂people␈α⊂to␈α⊂standardize␈α⊂their␈α⊂data␈α⊂bases,␈α∂we␈α∂shall
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hdevelop␈αa␈αstandard␈αway␈αof␈αdescribing␈αdata␈αbases␈α-␈αwhat␈αinformation␈αis␈αstored␈αtherein␈αand␈αhow␈αit␈αis
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hrepresented.␈α
Instead␈α
of␈α
a␈α
standard␈α
interaction␈α
style,␈α
we␈α
shall␈α
develop␈α
a␈α
standard␈α
way␈α
of␈α
describing
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hinteraction␈α⊃styles.␈α⊃Our␈α⊃users␈α⊃will␈α⊃make␈α⊃their␈α⊃inquiries␈α⊃in␈α⊃our␈α⊃style␈α⊃to␈α⊃which␈α⊃they␈α⊃have␈α⊃become
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Haccustomed,␈αand␈αa␈αprogram␈α
will␈α
use␈α
the␈α
data␈α
base␈α
description␈α
and␈α
interaction␈α
description␈α
to␈α
interface
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hour␈α
user␈α
and␈α
the␈α
foreign␈α
data␈α
base.␈α
A␈α
possible␈α
initial␈α
example␈α
is␈α
the␈α␈↓∧New␈αYork␈αTimes␈↓␈αData␈αBank.
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓HThe␈αwork␈αof␈αthe␈αElectronic␈αSystems␈αLab␈αat␈αMIT␈αin␈αdeveloping␈αa␈αcommon␈αinterace␈αto␈αmultiple␈αdata
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hbase␈α
systems␈α
will␈α
provide␈α
one␈α
starting␈α
point␈α
for␈α
this␈α
work.
␈↓ ↓H

␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ α_3.␈α
␈↓∧Computer␈α
Interface.␈α
␈↓A␈α
computer␈α
link␈α
between␈α
the␈α
360/67␈α
located␈α
on␈αthe␈αmain␈αcampus␈αand
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hthe␈α⊃PDP-10␈α⊃located␈α⊃at␈α⊃the␈α⊃Artificial␈α⊃Intelligence␈α⊃Laboratory␈α⊂would␈α⊂be␈α⊂established.␈α⊂The␈α⊂PDP-10
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hinterface␈α
would␈α
be␈α
developed␈α
by␈α
the␈α
AI␈α
Lab␈α
The␈α
/67␈α
interface␈α
would␈α
be␈α
developed␈α
by␈α
SCIP.
␈↓ ↓H

␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ α_The␈α⊂purpose␈α⊂of␈α⊂the␈α⊂link␈α⊂and␈α⊂interface␈α⊂is␈α∂to␈α∂permit␈α∂terminals␈α∂attached␈α∂to␈α∂one␈α∂computer␈α∂to
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hcommunicate␈α∞with␈α∞the␈α∞other␈α∞computer.␈α∞For␈α∞terminals␈α∞connected␈α∞to␈α∞the␈α∞/67,␈α∞a␈α∞leased␈α∞line␈α∞would␈α
be
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hinstalled␈αbetween␈αthe␈α
/67's␈α
"front-end"␈α
--␈α
a␈α
PDP-9␈α
located␈α
on␈α
Campus␈α
--␈α
and␈α
the␈α
PDP-10␈α
computer␈α
at
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hthe␈αAI␈αLab.␈αSoftware␈αsupport␈αat␈αthe␈α/67␈αend␈αwould␈αbe␈αthe␈αsame␈αas␈αthat␈αprovided␈αfor␈α
the␈α
paper␈α
tape
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hreader/punch␈αunder␈αORVYL␈α(ORVYL␈αis␈αthe␈αStanford-developed␈αtime-sharing␈αsub-system)␈αexternal
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hdevice␈α∂support.␈α∂That␈α∂is,␈α∞ORVYL␈α∞would␈α∞"see"␈α∞its␈α∞end␈α∞of␈α∞the␈α∞link␈α∞to␈α∞the␈α∞PDP-10␈α∞as␈α∞a␈α∞paper␈α∞tape
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hdevice,␈αand␈αthe␈αdata␈αtransmission␈αrates␈αcould␈αbe␈αeither␈α300␈αor␈α1200␈αbaud␈αdepending␈αon␈αthe␈αkind␈αof
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hmodem␈α
used.
␈↓ ↓H

␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ α_The␈α
approach␈α
described␈αabove␈αinvolves␈αthe␈αleast␈αamount␈αof␈αincremental␈αsoftware␈αsupport␈αby
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓HSCIP␈α
personnel;␈α
it␈α
is␈α
estimated␈α
that␈α
approximately␈α
two-man␈α
months␈α
of␈αof␈αsystem␈αprogrammer␈αtime
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hwould␈αbe␈αrequired␈αto␈αmodify␈α
the␈α
PDP-9␈α
software␈α
and␈α
the␈α
ORVYL␈α
external␈α
device␈α
support␈α
software.
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓HActual␈α
calendar␈α
time␈α
could␈α
be␈α
somewhat␈α
longer␈α
because␈α
of␈α
other␈α
system␈α
programming␈α
commitments.
␈↓ ↓H

␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ α_4.␈α∞␈↓∧Reader␈α∞Feedback.␈α∞␈↓An␈α∞electronic␈α∞monitoring␈α∞system␈α∞would␈α∞be␈α∞developed␈α∞which␈α
would␈α
tally
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hand␈αrecord␈αinformation␈αabout␈αreader␈αpreferences.␈αThis␈αwould␈αinclude␈αdata␈αabout␈αthe␈α
types␈α
of␈α
stories
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hreaders␈αwere␈αchoosing,␈αthe␈αamount␈αof␈αtime␈α
users␈α
were␈α
spending␈α
with␈α
the␈α
system,␈α
the␈α
number␈α
of␈α
times
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hthey␈α⊂bypassed␈α⊂the␈α⊂editor's␈α⊂decisions,␈α⊂and␈α⊂the␈α⊂number␈α⊂of␈α⊂persons␈α⊂using␈α⊂the␈α⊂electronic␈α∂newspaper.
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓HReaders␈α∂also␈α∂would␈α∂be␈α∂able␈α∂to␈α∂use␈α∞their␈α∞terminals␈α∞to␈α∞insert␈α∞"letters␈α∞to␈α∞the␈α∞editor"␈α∞into␈α∞the␈α∞system.
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓HBecause␈α
a␈α
"letter␈α
to␈α
the␈α
editor"␈α
could␈α
be␈αwritten␈αand␈αsent␈αin␈αa␈αfraction␈αof␈αthe␈αtime␈αit␈αtakes␈αto␈αwrite
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hand␈α∂mail␈α∂a␈α∂letter␈α∂to␈α∂the␈α∂editor␈α∂to␈α∞a␈α∞conventional␈α∞newspaper,␈α∞and␈α∞because␈α∞the␈α∞"publication"␈α∞of␈α∞all
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H"letters"␈α⊗is␈α⊗guaranteed,␈α⊗we␈α⊗would␈α⊗expect␈α⊗much␈α∃more␈α∃vigorous␈α∃response␈α∃than␈α∃a␈α∃conventional
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hnewspaper␈α∂gets.␈α∞These␈α∞data␈α∞and␈α∞the␈α∞letters␈α∞would␈α∞provide␈α∞valuable␈α∞descriptive␈α∞information␈α∞about
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hreader␈α
response␈α
to␈α
the␈α
electronic␈α
newspaper.
␈↓ ↓H

␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ α_The␈αdata␈αalso␈αwould␈αbe␈αgiven␈αto␈αthe␈αeditor,␈αand␈αhis␈α
behavior␈α
would␈α
be␈α
observed␈α
to␈α
determine
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hthe␈α∂effects␈α∂of␈α∂such␈α∂feedback␈α∂on␈α∂journalistic␈α∞decision␈α∞making.␈α∞Interviews␈α∞and␈α∞semantic␈α∞differential
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hscales␈αwould␈αbe␈αused␈αto␈αmeasure␈αany␈αchanges␈αin␈αthe␈αeditor's␈αperceptions␈αof␈αhis␈αaudience,␈αas␈αa␈αresult
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hof␈α
the␈α
feedback.
␈↓ ↓H

␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ α_5.␈α␈↓∧Reader␈αInterest␈α
Profile.␈α
␈↓A␈α
selective␈α
dissemination-of-information␈α
system␈α
would␈α
be␈α
developed.
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓HOn␈α⊂the␈α⊂basis␈α⊂of␈α⊂information␈α∂the␈α∂reader␈α∂provided␈α∂at␈α∂the␈α∂terminal␈α∂about␈α∂his␈α∂or␈α∂her␈α∂interests,␈α∂the
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hsystem␈αwould␈αsearch␈αout␈αstories␈αrelevant␈αto␈αthese␈αinterests.␈αElectronic␈α
monitoring␈α
would␈α
be␈α
developed
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hto␈α∂provide␈α∂data␈α∂about␈α∂the␈α∂extent␈α∂to␈α∂which␈α∞such␈α∞a␈α∞system␈α∞was␈α∞used␈α∞and␈α∞the␈α∞types␈α∞of␈α∞information
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hreaders␈αrequested.␈αInterviews␈αand␈αdirect␈αobservation␈αwould␈αdetermine␈αreader␈αresponse␈αto␈αthe␈αsystem
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hand␈α
would␈α
further␈α
determine␈α
what␈α
kinds␈α
of␈α
problems,␈α
if␈α
any,␈α
were␈α
encountered␈α
by␈α
the␈α
readers.
␈↓ ↓H

␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ βMPRINCIPAL INVESTIGATORS' DIVISION OF LABOR
␈↓ ↓H

␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ α_Professor␈αJohn␈αMcCarthy␈αwill␈αbe␈α
in␈α
charge␈α
of␈α
the␈α
computer␈α
science␈α
research␈α
component␈α
of␈α
the
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hproject,␈α
the␈α
PDP-10␈α
software,␈α
and␈α
the␈α
interconnection␈α
between␈α
the␈α
PDP-10␈α
and␈α
the␈α
IBM␈α
360/67.
␈↓ ↓H

␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ α_Professor␈α∞Edwin␈α∞Parker␈α∞will␈α∞act␈α∞as␈α∞administrative␈α
coordinator␈α
of␈α
the␈α
entire␈α
project.␈α
He␈α
also
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hwill␈α⊂be␈α⊂in␈α⊂charge␈α⊂of␈α⊂the␈α⊂360/67␈α⊂software␈α⊂and␈α⊂will␈α⊂act␈α⊂as␈α⊂consultant␈α⊂for␈α⊂the␈α⊂behavioral␈α∂research
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hcomponent.
␈↓ ↓H

␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ α_Professor␈α⊂Dan␈α⊂Drew␈α⊂will␈α∂supervise␈α∂the␈α∂journalism␈α∂component␈α∂and␈α∂the␈α∂behavioral␈α∂research
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Houtlined␈α
in␈α
the␈α
proposal.
␈↓ ↓H

␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ¬HWORK SCHEDULE
␈↓ ↓H

␈↓ ↓H
␈↓βMarch - June, 1975
␈↓ ↓H

␈↓ ↓H
␈↓* Establish link between PDP-10 and 360/67.
␈↓ ↓H
* SPIRES file defined for experimental electronic newspaper.
␈↓ ↓H
* Visit East Coast newspapers to study computerized production 
␈↓ ↓H
  systems currently in use.
␈↓ ↓H

␈↓ ↓H
␈↓βJune - August, 1975
␈↓ ↓H

␈↓ ↓H
␈↓* Prototype Experimental newspaper begins operation with participation 
␈↓ ↓H
  of Communication 175 students.
␈↓ ↓H
* Collection of data about software problems.
␈↓ ↓H

␈↓ ↓H
␈↓βSeptember - November, 1975
␈↓ ↓H

␈↓ ↓H
␈↓* Reprogramming and reworking software on the basis of April through 
␈↓ ↓H
  June experience.
␈↓ ↓H

␈↓ ↓H
␈↓βDecember, 1975 - August, 1976
␈↓ ↓H

␈↓ ↓H
␈↓* Resume operation of experimental electronic newspaper for the entire academic
␈↓ ↓H
  year with Communication 175 students participating again during the Spring
␈↓ ↓H
  quarter.
␈↓ ↓H
* Collection of data in behavioral areas.
␈↓ ↓H
* Collection of data about software problems.
␈↓ ↓H

␈↓ ↓H
␈↓βSeptember - November, 1976
␈↓ ↓H

␈↓ ↓H
␈↓* Reprogramming and reworking software on the basis of experience with the
␈↓ ↓H
  experimental electronic newspaper.
␈↓ ↓H

␈↓ ↓H
␈↓βDecember, 1976 - February, 1977
␈↓ ↓H

␈↓ ↓H
␈↓* Resume electronic newspaper operation.
␈↓ ↓H
* Continue data collection.
␈↓ ↓H

␈↓ ↓H
␈↓βJanuary - February, 1977
␈↓ ↓H

␈↓ ↓H
* Analysis of data in behavioral areas.
␈↓ ↓H
* Final report written.
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓α␈↓ ∧OEXPERIMENTAL ELECTRONIC NEWSPAPER
␈↓ ↓H

␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ¬↔Estimated Cost Breakdown
␈↓ ↓H

␈↓ ↓H

␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ αH␈↓ βH␈↓ ∧H␈↓ ¬H␈↓ εH3/1/75 - 2/29/76␈↓ 	H 3/1/76 - 2/28/77
␈↓ ↓H

␈↓ ↓H
I.  Direct Salaries
␈↓ ↓H

␈↓ ↓H
Professor J. McCarthy␈↓ ∧H␈↓ ¬H␈↓ εH␈↓ πH-- no remuneration --
␈↓ ↓H
Principal Investigator
␈↓ ↓H
10% time (2.4 mm)
␈↓ ↓H

␈↓ ↓H
Professor E. Parker␈↓ ∧H␈↓ ¬H␈↓ εH     $␈↓ πH 2,830               $   3,028
␈↓ ↓H
Principal Investigator
␈↓ ↓H
10% time (2.4 mm)
␈↓ ↓H

␈↓ ↓H
Professor D. Drew          ␈↓ ¬H␈↓ εH␈↓ πH 4,417␈↓ λH␈↓ 	H         4,726
␈↓ ↓H
Principal Investigator
␈↓ ↓H
1/3 time (summers) (2.0 mm)
␈↓ ↓H

␈↓ ↓H
Computer Programmers
␈↓ ↓H
2 full-time @ $13,000 per year (48.0 mm)␈↓ πH26,000␈↓ λH␈↓ 	H␈↓ 
H27,820
␈↓ ↓H
1 part-time @ $13,000 per year (12.0 mm)␈↓ πH 6,500␈↓ λH␈↓ 	H         6,955
␈↓ ↓H

␈↓ ↓H
Secretary
␈↓ ↓H
1 quarter-time @ $10,000 per year (6.0 mm)␈↓ πH 2,500␈↓ λH␈↓ 	H         2,675
␈↓ ↓H

␈↓ ↓H
Research Assistants
␈↓ ↓H
2 half-time @ $325 per month x 9 (18.0 mm)       5,850␈↓ λH␈↓ 	H         6,260
␈↓ ↓H
1 half-time @ $325 per month x 12 (12.0 mm)      3,900␈↓ λH␈↓ 	H ␈↓ 
H 4,173
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ αH␈↓ βH␈↓ ∧H␈↓ ¬H␈↓ εH␈↓ πH------␈↓ λH␈↓ 	H␈↓ 
H------
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ αH␈↓ βH␈↓ ∧HTOTAL SALARIES␈↓ εH        51,997␈↓ λH␈↓ 	H␈↓ 
H55,637
␈↓ ↓H

␈↓ ↓H

␈↓ ↓H
II.  Staff Benefits
␈↓ ↓H

␈↓ ↓H
18% through Aug. 31, 1975 (6 mo)
␈↓ ↓H
19% through Aug. 31, 1976 (12 mo)␈↓ εH␈↓ πH 9,879␈↓ λH␈↓ 	H␈↓ 
H10,571
␈↓ ↓H
20% through Aug. 31, 1977 (6 mo)
␈↓ ↓H

␈↓ ↓H

␈↓ ↓H
III.  Expendable Material
␈↓ ↓H

␈↓ ↓H
(Includes Xerox, postage, telephone)
␈↓ ↓H
12 months @ $150 per month             ␈↓ εH␈↓ πH 1,800␈↓ λH␈↓ 	H         1,980
␈↓ ↓H

␈↓ ↓H
IV.  Report Production␈↓ ∧H␈↓ ¬H␈↓ εH␈↓ πH  - 0 -␈↓ λH␈↓ 	H         1,500
␈↓ ↓H

␈↓ ↓H
V.  Travel
␈↓ ↓H

␈↓ ↓H
3 RT East Coast @ 500 each␈↓ ¬H␈↓ εH␈↓ πH 1,500␈↓ λH␈↓ 	H          - 0 -
␈↓ ↓H

␈↓ ↓H
VI.  Computer Services
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ αH
␈↓ ↓H
12 months @ $1,000 per month␈↓ ¬H␈↓ εH␈↓ πH12,000␈↓ λH␈↓ 	H␈↓ 
H 12,000
␈↓ ↓H

␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ αH␈↓ βH␈↓ ∧H                  ␈↓ πH------␈↓ λH␈↓ 	H␈↓ 
H ------
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ αH␈↓ βH␈↓ ∧HTOTAL DIRECT COSTS␈↓ πH72,416␈↓ λH␈↓ 	H␈↓ 
H 75,980
␈↓ ↓H

␈↓ ↓H

␈↓ ↓H

␈↓ ↓H

␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ αH␈↓ βH␈↓ ∧H␈↓ ¬H␈↓ εH3/1/75 - 2/29/76␈↓ 	H 3/1/76 - 2/28/77
␈↓ ↓H

␈↓ ↓H
VII.  University Overhead
␈↓ ↓H

␈↓ ↓H
47% of Total Direct Costs␈↓ ¬H␈↓ εH␈↓ πH36,273␈↓ λH␈↓ 	H␈↓ 
H 38,393
␈↓ ↓H

␈↓ ↓H
VIII.  Capital Equipment
␈↓ ↓H

␈↓ ↓H
Multiplexer␈↓ βH␈↓ ∧H␈↓ ¬H␈↓ εH␈↓ πH␈↓ λH␈↓ 	H␈↓ 
H  - 0 -
␈↓ ↓H
Computer Interconnection␈↓ ¬H␈↓ εH␈↓ πH 4,000␈↓ λH␈↓ 	H␈↓ 
H  - 0 -
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ αH␈↓ βH␈↓ ∧H␈↓ ¬H␈↓ εH␈↓ πH------␈↓ λH␈↓ 	H␈↓ 
H-------
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ αH␈↓ βH␈↓ ∧H␈↓ ¬H␈↓ εH␈↓ πH------␈↓ λH␈↓ 	H␈↓ 
H-------
␈↓ ↓H

␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ αH␈↓ βH␈↓ ∧HTOTAL PROJECT COST␈↓ πH␈↓ λH␈↓ 	H␈↓ 
H$120,081
␈↓ ↓H

␈↓ ↓H

␈↓ ↓H

␈↓ ↓H
Notes:
␈↓ ↓H

␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ αHSalary escalation @ 7% per annum
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ αHS & E  escalation @ 10% per annum
␈↓ ↓H